Does the international community have the responsibility to protect Essay

Does the international community have the responsibility to protect - Essay Example In 2005, world leaders at the UN Summit backed the Responsibility to Protect principle, which ascertains the mandate of the states to protect their populations against war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. In most parts of Africa, a lot has to be done before the principle is put into practice as indicated by the Sudan Darfur’s humanitarian disaster. The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty first presented the doctrine of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) in 2001 to the international community. This came out of the desire to alleviate preventable tragedies like those in Rwanda and Bosnia, which made headlines in the world during the 1990s. With the R2P doctrine, the international community has started to conceptualize and recognize its mandate to intervene in circumstances where the states are unwilling or incapable of protecting civilians, and stop or prevent massive human rights abuses in their borders. R2P has offere d a basis for discussions concerning the creation of African security architecture. Core to R2P is the requirement by the third parties to have the ability for effective and timely intervention in crises. (Besada 2010, p xviii). Case Study on Two African States in The 1990s Burundi Introduction After ten years of civil war and several years of post-independence fighting, Burundi is making progress in post-conflict peace building and recovery. The circumstances in Burundi did not get to full-scale genocide, and this is mainly attributed in part, â€Å"to early and long-term involvement on the part of regional and international actors including UN, African state governments, and NGOs† (Human Rights Center 2007, p89). The international and regional responses to the Burundi crisis are a clear indication of how R2P has been used before to alleviate, and respond to major ethnic violence and reconstruct societies in its outcome (Human Rights Center 2007, p89). Background to the Conf lict Burundi has a long and a sophisticated history concerning its violent conflict. The most recent cycle of violence happened in 1993 when Melchior Ndadaye was murdered by Tutsi-dominated army leading to open warfare between the military and the Hutu rebels. Melchior Ndadaye was the leader of FRODEBU (Hutu Front pour la Democratie au Burundi) and the first president to be elected democratically in Burundi. The resulting ethno-political violence claimed the lives of approximately 300,000 Burundians (civilians were the majority) and displaced millions. Several African leaders including Nelson Mandela (former South African President), Julius Nyerere (former Tanzanian President), and Jacob Nzuma (the current South African President) have sought a lasting solution to the conflict. The efforts to end to the conflict began in 2000 Arusha Agreement, which was signed by the government, the National Assembly, and17 Burundian political leaders. However, the main rebel groups, PALIPEHUTU-FNL (Parti pour la Liberation du Peuple Hutu – Forces Nationales de Liberation), and CNDD-FDD (Conseil National pour la Defense de la Democraite – Forces pour la Defense de la Democraite) did not sign the agreement. The agreement also failed to offer ceasefire agreements, which were consequently negotiated between the

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MEDICAL NEGLIGENCE - Essay Example Nurse Rachett is an experienced intensive care nurse, therefore any decision she makes concerning the treatment offered in the intensive care unit is justified. However, Nurse Rachett is not a surgeon and could not make any decision concerning the operation and the breathing device without consultation from Dr. Kildare was not appropriate. The attempt to clear the breathing device while she was supposed to summon Dr. Kildare as directed is a medical negligence because Rameez ended up dead. Therefore there is a medical negligence on the part of Nurse Rachett. Rameez was forced through emergency to have surgery performed by Dr. Kildare; however, Rameez could expect the specialist surgeon’s degree of skill because Dr. Kildare was a specialist. In the intensive care, Nurse Rachett is mentioned as an experienced intensive care nurse; therefore Rameez expected and deserved an expert service. Rameez died out of the negligence of Nurse Rachett because she failed to summon Dr. Kildare, may be Rameez would have recovered if Dr. Kildare was summoned to clear the breathing device. Just like the motorists owe a duty of reasonable care to other road users, Lister N.H.S. hospital and its medical staff also owe to Rameez duty to care for his well being and safety. Breach of such duty may result into claims for succeeding damages. However, a difference exists between these two parties is that while majority of people, as a matter of common sense can decide on circumstances where motorists ride carelessly, most of medical treatments entail highly technical and specialized skills. For instance, the insertion of breathing device and decision to carry out an operation on Rameez required specialized and technical skills. If executors of Rameez decide to file a suit, then according to Tom (2005), a court of law will have to get more evidence from other medical specialists on the usual safeguards and correct procedures observed in specific medical treatments before making any d ecision on the damage caused as a result of negligence. Lister N.H.S. hospital was responsible for protecting Rameez from harm and to offer acceptable level of care. As Rameez’s executors, they are entitled to file a complaint if Rameez never received reasonable care and standards as this amounts to breach of duty of care owed to Rameez. Whenever there is breach to this duty of care, a medical negligence is usually committed by health professional. Doctors are responsible for ensuring that patient understands all risks associated with treatments so as they can provide an informed consent. Failure of which there is claim for medical negligence can be pursued. The case of Rameez amounts to medical negligence because Nurse Rachett failed to summon Dr. Kildare and hence did not provide reasonable care to Rameez which resulted into his death. According to Tom (2005), in order to claim this negligence in the part of a health professional (Dr. Kildare and Nurse Rachett), the plainti ff (Rameez) and his executors must prove the following: That duty to care was owed to the patient: legal duty for care exists any time health care provider or hospital takes care of the patient’s treatment. That duty to care was breached: the health professional failed to conform to and/ or provide acceptable standards of care That breach of duty for care caused harm or injury to the patient: the breach of duty for care is the proximate cause of injury or harm suffered by the patient That patient actually suffered a loss or damage: without

Critically assess the arguments in support of and against the Essay - 1

Critically assess the arguments in support of and against the acknowledgement of the legally binding nature of the right to wate - Essay Example However all these procedures cannot be undertaken by the help of stagnant and dirty water. Humans require free access to the clean and germs free water as the dirty water would be harmful for them rather facilitating the bodily functions. Unhealthy and contaminated waster causes various serious diseases which at times becomes fatal for the human existence such as diarrhea which cause death to more than 2 million people all over the world and the majority of the victims are children as their immune system is not as developed as adults’ so they easily fall prey to the germs in contaminated water. In addition to this water is also used for agricultural purposes. Dirty water ruins the vegetation and harms the farming land as well. People living in cities usually have better access to clean water but the food that they consume is contaminated which indirectly causes harm to their health. Considering the significance of water in the development and sustenance of human beings it has been declared a human right to consume neat and clean water. But as other basic human rights are being violated throughout the globe similarly there are many who do not enjoy the right to water. ... Water is one of them which is being greatly wasted and misused by the agricultural people, industrial wastes, excessive domestic usage and overall environment change (Linsay Knight, 2003). Before arguing about the right to water lets first consider the basic explanation of human right as in the international law. Human rights are given due protection by the international law on the basis of various standards. It ensures the complete protection of human dignity and freedom. It further includes the political and cultural rights to safe guard the distinctiveness of human societies, the social and economic rights to guarantee the prosperity, development and success of humans. It basically reflects the strong affiliation between the government and individuals in order to ensure them about the fulfillment of their fundamental rights. In broader terms the human rights revolves around the principles of respect, protect and fulfillment of each others’ needs and water (WHO, 2002). This is an important aspect of the right to water as now it has a close binding with the law. The principle of respect requires the government to show no direct or indirect intervention in the supply of clean and harmless water. Protection principle requires the government to stop the intervention made by the corporations and businesses in the supply of water and finally the fulfill principle requires the government to ensure the fulfillment of all the stated principles in regard of the right to water. The ‘hot strains’ as named by the scientists are the parts of the world which are turning hot by every coming day. These areas of the world are facing extreme shortage of water including water for consumption and water used for other purposes. These areas include the

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Government - Essay Example ublicans show that they clearly believe in the sanctity of life that should be protected till natural death while the Democrats believe in right to privacy and freedom from government interference and a person can take personal decisions on the rights. On euthanasia, the 2012 Texas Republicans are opposed to it or what they refer to assisted suicide and genocide or the soft killing of the terminally ill or the handicapped while the Democrats do not make any commitment on such matters. From the foregoing agreement, it can be said that the Texas republicans are more concerned with the need to protect the sanctity of the human life and therefore may attract more votes in a debate about life. However, the Texas Democrats oppose any attempt to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act which provides health insurance to most if not all Americans (Texas Democratic Party). The 2012 Texas Republican platform believes that America is a nation founded on Judeo-Christian principles and that all healthcare institutions should inform their staff to be involved in such acts that they believe are ungodly such as abortion and euthanasia. The Democrats on the other end believe that no Texan should be forced to live in religious doctrines in which they do not subscribe to. This clearly shows that the Republicans are very rigid on their religious views as they do not tolerate any other religion as compared to the Democrats who allow for freedom of religious association in line with the provisions of the First Amendment (Texas Democratic Party 12). However, the 2012 platform for the Texas Republicans is very conservative in nature as compared to the liberal Democratic platform that is progressive in its proposals. The Texas Republicans oppose all forms of taxation ad support the repeal of the Sixteenth Amendment that led to the imposition of the national income tax but instead favours a national sales tax that is likely to affect the low and middle-income Americans. It

Why Field of View of Smartphone Camera Is Smaller Essay Example for Free

Why Field of View of Smartphone Camera Is Smaller Essay Field of view: The field of view is the extent of the observable world that is seen at any given moment. In photography, angle of view describes the angular extent of a given scene that is imaged by a camera. These two can be used interchangeably as field of view is proportional to angle of view. Mathematically, in triangle abc, side ‘bc’ is the opposite of angle bac, thus length of ‘bc’ depends on angle bac. In abc ade, bac = dae, (Reciprocal angle). abc = aed (As bc||de be intersects them, they are alternate angles) acb = ade (As bc||de cd intersects them, they are alternate angles) Therefore, abc ade are similar triangles thus bc/de = ab/ae = ac/ad = k (some constant). Since, bc/de = k, = bc = k*de which implies that bc de (bc is proportional to de). This relation implies that, the field of view is proportional to the size of the sensor used in camera. Field of view also depends on the focal length of the lens. The above diagram shows that the Field of view is inversely proportional to the Focal Length of the lens used in a camera. Camera phones generally use sensor sizes in the range of ~1/4† to 2/3†. The problem of fitting a large sensor in a mobile device isnt only about the sensor itself, the greater challenge is the fact that the larger the sensor, the larger the lens need to be. This is because larger sensors require one to get closer to their subject, or to use a longer focal length to fill the frame with that subject. So, to increase the field of view, we can’t enlarge the camera sensor as we wish or can’t decrease the focal length of the lens. And thats why the field of view of smartphone camera/digital camera is smaller comparing to the field of view of human eyes.

Renting vs. Buying a Home Essay Example for Free

Renting vs. Buying a Home Essay Everyday someone is making the decision to move, whether it be across the country or a few blocks away. When you make the decision to move the next question that comes up is whether or not you should buy or rent a home. Careful consideration should be given when making this decision; carefully look at your finances and family situation. Buying a home should never be done lightly and if buying is too much for your family then perhaps renting is the option that you may want to consider. Take a look at the various options and no matter what you decide to do, buy or rent, the choice should suit your financial needs, location, your responsibilities, and family’s needs. Ask yourself if you have the money to buy a home or do you simply rent? When buying a home, your mortgage payments stay the same for the life of the loan. There was a time when you needed to have 20% for the down payment and also have the money for the closing costs, but that isn’t the case anymore. There are different types of loans that will enable the average person to only need 3.5% down and 3.5% of the closing costs, the rest will figured into your loan amount. Anything that you do pay towards your new home is tax deductable. Now don’t forget to figure in property taxes and insurance, those are the items that can go up in price as time goes by. The best part about renting a home is that you only need to have the first and last month’s rent and perhaps a small deposit for keeping a dog or a cat. Some rents can go up every year, but the average is 5% every year. A very serious question to consider is whether or not you can live where you want to live and once that’s settled, then you might want to consider if you want to stay there. When buying a home you can live anywhere there is a home for sale, the choice is yours. The decision in staying where you buy might be taken out of hands if you can’t sell right away and most economists will tell you th at you should stay in your home at least 7 years in order to benefit from buying. The same  applies for renting a home, you can live anywhere there is a home or apartment for rent, again the choice is yours. The deal with renting is that you have to stay as long as your lease is in effect, which can usually go from year to year and gives you more flexibility if you want to move. Considering the responsibility that you will need to give towards your residence, careful thought should be given. When you buy a home the responsibility to maintain the home and fix things that need to be repaired are all yours. You pay to have someone fix your home or do it yourself, either way if it needs to be done you are the one to do it. Having to take responsibility for your own repairs and maintenance is not all bad; there is a pride that comes with home ownership. There are certain repairs that are tax deductable and also certain improvements that are tax deductable, check with your local IRS office and find out what you as a home owner can take advantage of. When you rent a home or apartment the repairs are the responsibility of the owner of the property and that isn’t you. When you rent if there is something that does need to be repaired, you are at the mercy of the owner to get the repairs done. Sometimes you have to wait an indefinite amount of time and sometimes they fix things right away, the choice is theirs to make and they may not see a problem as urgent. In addition to responsibility, you really need to consider whether or not your decision makes sense for your family. When buying a home, your investing in the future of your family, everything you do to improve your home increases the value. When buying a home, the home is yours to do with as you like, as long as you follow the codes in your area, you can add a room, tear down a wall or paint the house orange, no one can tell you that you what to do. Most children and adults thrive in a stable environment and owning your home can give that stability. Perhaps your family can get that dog they have all been talking about, install a pool, or plant trees. The problem can arise with the uncertainty of the unknown, we do not know what is going to happen tomorrow, will your job relocate, will you still have a job, and will this new home be all that we hoped it would be; buyer’s remorse can be a very real dilemma. When renting you have freedom, all your time, effort, and money is not put into taking care of the place where you live. Speaking of freedom, renting is the best way to see if an area suits you and your family before you make that big commitment to buy. If you are not sure where you  want your family to live for the next few years, then renting can be a way to try out new places and give you a chance to find the place that works for you. There are so many things to consider in the decision to buy or rent a home, as a consumer only you know what is right for you and your family. Studies show that buying a home is the better deal in the long run, but sometimes that may not suit your needs. There are so many pro’s and con’s to either choice, do I want to do repairs, can I do repairs, can I have animals, do I want to stay in the same place for more than 7 years, do I like the area? When I made the decision to buy my own home I had lived in the same area for more than 10 years and I knew that I wanted the freedom of owning, I wanted something that is all my own, but it took some time renting to come to that decision and what is right for me might not be right for someone else. Whatever you decide to do buy or rent, that choice should suit all your needs and the needs of your family.

Implementing an Electronic Health Record System

Implementing an Electronic Health Record System Implementing Electronic Health Record System Based on HL7 RIM -Reusing the RIM Model Archetypes Nancy Mittal Abstract: It is difficult to exchange healthcare information between different HealthCare Systems. Health Level Seven is a universal standard to facilitate the communication between different HealthCare Systems. Electronic Health Record System is a software platform that store patient health data which maintained by hospital and medical practice. Health Level 7 Reference Information Model was studied to provide the interoperability between different HealthCare Systems. In this paper, we studied about the various version of Health Level Seven standard including HL7 v2.x, HL7 v3.0, HL7 RIM. This paper focused on how the existing structure of HL7 is improved by reusing the HL7 RIM classes such as Act, Role, and Entity etc each are associated with set of attributes. It explains to modify the existing structure of HL7, need to modify the HL7 RIM because HL7 RIM model provide the structure of HL7. This paper also explained the role based queries are performed by the interested stakeholders like pati ents, doctors and hospitals. In this new structural form, role based information is maintained in the centralize database. This research fills the gap between skilled and semi-skilled users and query is performed on role base. Keywords: HL7, RIM, Role, Archetypes 1. Introduction: With the continuous development of health records, maintain and exchange the information in different HealthCare systems has become unavoidable. So, the communication between different hospitals or between different HealthCare system need to improved. Electronic Health Record is a repository of health information in a digital format about an individual patient or population managed by hospitals or medical practice that shared across different HealthCare Systems. It reduces the chances of data replication. More organizations adopt EHR; physicians, nurses and clinicians have greater access to patient information which helps in accurate diagnosis and complete data helps to ensure the best possible care. Electronic Health Record (EHR) system is needed to focus on two requirements: dynamic involvement of different hospitals, patients and HealthCare Systems And the way of maintaining the information. Standard compliant EHR provide facility of communication and to exchange information of patients between different hospitals, doctors, HealthCare systems. Each patient has his own queries respective to their role in the system. The query interface is designed to provide the effective knowledge among different kind of patients, hospitals. Health Level Seven: Heath Level Seven is a standard developing organisation accredited by ANSI (American National Standard Institute) founded in 1987. HL7[1] name refers the top layer of the OSI (Open System Interconnection) layer protocol for the health environment. HL7 specifies a number of various standards health information and also provide communication between different HealthCare System. Standard are the set of rules that allow information to be shared in standardized and reliable manner. HL7 messaging standard: There are two main HL7 messaging standard HL7 v2.x and HL7 v3.0. HL7 v2.x is also called as pipe hat. This standard provides the interoperability specification for health and medical transaction. HL7 v2.x message format are in human readable ASCII and non XML encoding syntax. It supports administrative, logistical, financial as well as clinical messages. HL7 v3.0 provides the interoperability specification for health and medical transaction based on RIM (Reference Information Model). HL7 v3.0 message format based on XML encoding syntax and also on HDF (formal methodology) and object oriented principle. It supports only clinical data. Movement from HL7 v2 to HL7 v3 is that v3 would be model driven methodology means v3 standard support healthcare workflows through modelling; the end result maximize reuse and increase consistency in HL7 specification. Another[2] HL7 v2.7 supports all HealthCare department data for exchange between different HealthCare systems. It reduces the custom interface programming. But it is not plug and play; and not support transaction processing feature. Table1.Difference between HL7 v2.x and HL7 v3.0 HL7 RIM[3] (Reference Information Model): The HL7 Reference Information Model provides the structural information of HL7 in the form of information classes. HL7 RIM is an object oriented model to make compatible the HL7 specification interoperability to all domains. It is important part of the HL7 v3.0 development model. It increases precision and reducing implementation costs. HL7 RIM is based on UML (Unified Modelling Language). Reference information model has five components: Subject Area (major part of am model), class (about which information is collected), Relationship (relation between classes), attribute (information about class), and data type (specification of the format of an attribute). RIM has six main important classes: Act- It represents actions that are executed by entity. Entity: These are the physical things that take part in health care. Role: Role that entity plays as they participate in health care Participation: It represent context for an act such as who perform, for whom and where. ActRelationship: It represents the relationship between actions. RoleLink: It represents the relationship between roles. 2. Related Work: Electronic health record system based on health level seven, and HL7 used to provide the communication between different HealthCare systems, most of the research studies show perplexing which is further discussed in this paper review. Tung Tran, Hwa-Sun Kim[[1]] studied the research on,†A Development of HL7 Middleware for Medical Device Communication† to developed HL7 compliant middleware. Researcher used HL7 as a middleware to facilitate data transfer to information system in hospitals. Middleware has capability of receiving data from monitoring device and converting into HL7 data type format. It receive raw data from medical devices and convert to HL7 data and passed to HIS based on HL7 interface engine. Li-Fan Ko, Jen-Chiun Lin, Chi-Huang Chen, Jie-Sheng Chang, Faipei Lai[[2]] concluded the research on,†HL7 Middleware Framework for Healthcare Information System. Researchers introduce HL7 and web services standard into framework which is basically Service Oriented Architecture (SOA). HL7 directly transmitted data over transport layer protocol TCP/IP: for small application HL7 message over TCP are simple and easy to implement; for larger application, system become complex and attacker increases. This research solved that problem by introducing web services which provide interoperation between software systems. Jennifer Munnelly[[3]] in his research study on, HL7 Healthcare Information Management Using Aspect-Oriented Programming focused the modification in application department without the requirement modification into complete structure by using HL7.Researcher suggested introduce HL7 functionality into exiting application without any modification through AOP. Wooshik Kim[[4]] studied the research on, Integration of IEEE 1451 and HL7 Exchanging Information for Patients’ Sensor Data showed the IEEE 1451 concerned with smart transducer and having plug –play capabilities. Patients wear sensors that measure the patient’s status in real time and transmitted these data to remote sites such as hospital. HL7 accepted this kind of data and interpreted with various online sensor data. Pasquale De Meo[[5]] studied on, Integration of the HL7 Standard in a Multiagent System to Support Personalized Access to e-Health Services. In this paper, he presented a system which has multi agents to maintain patients in seek of health related services in e-health care by using various algorithms PPB, DS-PPB, AB. This proposed system increases the quality service and effectiveness. Maqbool Hussain[[6]] concluded his research on, Healthcare Applications Interoperability through Implementation of HL7 Web Service Basic Profile studied all phases of web service component that implement HL7 Web Service Basic Profile. It is branch of the transportation subsystem progressed at NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Pakistan. Naeem Khalid Janjua[[7]] in research study presented work on, Digital Health Care Ecosystem: SOA Compliant HL7 based Health Care Information Interchange and proposed Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based HL7 system design for patient information and showed the translation from HL7 V2 to V3 and mapping between database and user query. Sara Gaion[[8]] researched on, Design of a Domain Model for Clinical Engineering within the HL7 Reference Information Model. This paper develop a DIM (Domain Information Model) by providing the HL7 RIM to clinical engineering in a particular domain. This paper represent clinical engineering information in the HL7 RIM (Reference Information Model) with the reason of developing a HL7 v3 RIM model based on DIM (Domain Information Model) dedicated to CE(Clinical Engineering) by reuse of standard healthcare information models and show the process of repairing and maintenance of device used in hospital. N.A. Mamani Macedo[[9]] studied the research on, Electronic Health Record: Comparative Analysis of HL7 and Open EHR Approaches. This paper showed the comparison between HL7 and openEHR to automatism a Patient’s Record in any hospital which adopted: HL7 and OpenEHR. The method includes analyzing each way, defining some criteria of evaluation, design a comparative chart. 3. Design model: The work is defined with the specification of the hospital and the relative attributes and the functional specification. It defines the role and requirement to specify the functional dependencies and its requirements. The role is defined for all the interested patients and hospitals and all interested users are connected to it along with their specified roles. The hospital is responsible for the information updating as well as to generate the query that queried by patients to obtain the information access about the patient, disease or diagnose. Complete information is defined in the form of centralized repository. Model is in the form of a query interface in which the communication to the system and different hospitals maintain the information in different way so that the mapping is required between the query set and the hospitals. To establish this mapping, the structural constructs for the system are defined so that the functional based information transition will be take place. Steps in implementation model First step is role identification and analysis: Users in this system are patients and hospitals(health organization). Role is defined for all the interested users ,patients and hospitals and they are coonnected to it along with their hospitals. Second step is role specific query generation: Hospitals is reasponsible for the information updating as wel as to generate the query that queried by patients to obtain the information access about the patient,disease and diagnose. Third step is query filteration and mapping done by RIM model: Complete information is defined in the form of centralized dataset.Model in the form of query interface in which the communication to the system and diff hospitals maintain the information in diff way. So that mapping is required between query set and hospitals. Last step query result are extraced. 4. Conclusion: In changing the structure of HL7 and increasing the reusability over existing HL7 RIM model by reuse the RIM model archetypes. HL7 standard facilitate to exchange and sharing the healthcare information among different hospitals or in between different healthcare systems. We concluded that we extract the existing HL7 RIM model and improve the reusability over existing model by reusing the classes of RIM model and implement the user interface to accept request from different users and process the role base Queries. References: [1] Health Level Seven (HL7), http://www.hl7.org. [2] Explorative study of healthcare data Interchange standards [3]http://www.openhre.org/local/rim202/rim.htm#Acts-sbj [[1]] Tung, Kim, Cho,† A Development of HL7 Middleware for Medical Device Communication†, Fifth International Conference on Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications [[2]] Li-Fan Ko, Jen-Chiun Lin, Chi-Huang Chen, Jie-Sheng Chang, Faipei Lai,† HL7 Middleware Framework for Healthcare Information System†. Basically framework is service oriented architecture (SOA)†. [[3]] Jennifer Munnelly, HL7 Healthcare Information Management Using Aspect-Oriented Programming, International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems, pp 1 – 4 ¸2009 [[4]] Wooshik Kim, Integration of IEEE 1451 and HL7 Exchanging Information for Patients’ Sensor Data, J Med Syst, pp 1033–1041, 2010 [[5]] Pasquale De Meo, Integration of the HL7 Standard in a Multiagent System to Support Personalized Access to e-Health Services, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, pp 1244 1260, 2011 [[6]] Maqbool Hussain, Healthcare Applications Interoperability through Implementation of HL7 Web Service Basic Profile, Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations, pp 308 313 ¸2009 [[7]][7] Naeem Khalid Janjua, Digital Health Care Ecosystem: SOA Compliant HL7 based Health Care Information Interchange, 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies, pp 329 – 334, 2009 [[8]] [8] Sara Gaion, Design of a Domain Model for Clinical Engineering within the HL7 Reference Information Model, IEEE Workshop on Health Care Management, pp 1 6 , 2010 [[9]] N.A. Mamani Macedo, Electronic Health Record: Comparative Analysis of HL7 and Open EHR Approaches, Pan American Health Care Exchange, pp 105 – 110, 2010