12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose Essay Example for Free

12 Angry Men by Reginald Rose Essay When reading the play 12 angry men, is it hard to ignore the prominent character- the 8th Juror. As the plot unfolds, the reader notices that Juror #8 is the only one among the 12 who really understands the seriousness of the situation at their hands. At the very beginning of the play, you can see that there is no sympathy towards the boy accused of murder. And why should it be? All the evidence that was brought up in the court room has crushed the defense and the boys chances on the trial. The prosecution made it clear that the boy is guilty. In fact, too clear- The defense was helpless and left many holes in their case. Thats why in the initial vote done by the jurors, everybody votes guilty (against the boy) except for #8. And here we see the first importance of #8: because of his reasonable doubt the jury hadnt found the boy guilty at the first 10 minutes of their debating, which would have ended the trial. #8 did not necessarily believe the boy was innocent, but he understood that if he raised his hand at that vote- it would all end. They will not have a chance to discuss the case, and it will, in his eyes, belittle the value of human life. Furthermore, we can see that #8 is a key character in many other parts of the play. After starting to talk about the case, some of the other jurors got mad and tried to convince #8 to vote guilty and end the discussion. Yet, he stayed calm and tried to continue debating in spite of their efforts to convert him. After realizing that he is standing alone against them, he called for another vote, in which he will not participate (a rather questionable action, considering he had not yet spoke out the contradictions that he had found in the prosecutions case). This was a rather bold step, but it paid out because of #9, who changed his vote to not guilty because of his respect towards #8 and #8s courage. We see that despite the efforts the 11 jurors made, #8 stuck to his position and allowed the continuation of the play. At page 26 we see another contribution to the unfolding of the case- Juror #8Â  brings up the question whether the old man (who had testified about hearing the accused boy shouting Im going to kill you) could really hear what he had clamed he heard. #8 makes the brilliant connection between two pieces of separate testimonies and proves (as much as it can be proved) that it was not possible for the old man to hear that. One by one he shattered the so-called facts, as he proved that Sometimes the facts that are staring you in the face are wrong. He develops the issue with the 15-seconds walk the old man apparently took, the eyeglasses marks next to the testifying womans eyes and many more. You can say that juror #8 has an additional importance to the play, in the terms of his character and personality. He shows a side that the jurors could not see- he tried to put himself in the boys shoes and see the case from a different perspective. By doing that, he showed the other jurors how prejudice can prevent people from seeing the truth (or in their case- judge in a fare manner). You can honestly say that if it were not for him, the boy would have been put to death for sure. He may only be an architect, but he presented his arguments like a lawyer and proved his theories throughout the play. He avoided being personally involved and let his sharp and lucid mind lead him and the rest of the jury on their way to solve the case.

A World Health Organization

A World Health Organization Why is health a social issue? Health, in the light of World Health Organization definition, is understood as subjectively felt physical, mental and social well-being as a result of appropriate adaptation to the environmental conditions. Psychical health relates to proper human system functioning. Mental health is connected with ability to recognition of peoples feelings and emotions, coping with difficult situations, problems and stress. Social health concerns the human community, its development and adaptability to the environmental conditions, what means ability to live independently as well as in a social group and retain both individual and group identity. There were many attempts to classify factors conditioning health. During early 20th century up to 1970s, it was considered, that health mainly depends on health service. At the beginning of the 1970s way of perceiving determinants of peoples well-being changed. In 1974 Marc Lalonde, Minister of Health for Canada, proposed The Health Field Concept, in which he distinguished four basic factors conditioning health (Fig. 1.): Lifestyle (50%) Physical and social environment (20%) Human Biology (20%) Health Care Organization (20%) This approach influenced on change in health policy and established base for health promotion In modern societies, some of the main problems regarding the health such as illnesses induced by ageing, globalization, new technologies, and genetic engineering have cultural and social grounds. State of health is strongly dependent on social processes and occurrences such as lifestyle (for instance nutrition, recreation, reaction for stress), social cohesion, wealth, education, working conditions and emotional relations. All this things can on the one hand make worse or on the other hand improve the state of health. Currently, it is considered that, the socioeconomic factors (for instance incomes, social status, education level, social support) affect a persons health to the highest degree. Depending on these conditions, the peoples lifestyle can favour health or be harmful to it. Poverty and low level of education are reasons of health inequalities. In general, people with low social status are less healthy, have worse access to health care and take risky for health actions more often. Social support in human living environments is regarded as significant factor shaping positive health and fighting pathogenic influence of potential stressors. In recent decades, people witness a dynamic development of technology and science. As might be expected, new technologies facilitate human lives and make them more efficient. It is possible to say, that in present circumstances, people are able to have an influence on their state of health. However, not always advances of science and in technology go hand in hand with improvement of quality of life. People, preoccupied with making their lives more comfortable, more and more frequently forget about their biological existence. New facilities, means of transport, automation, all kinds of machines are reducing physical activity in their daily life to a minimum. Mass-media, especially television, take them a lot of free time and force them to the sedentary way of life. Nowadays, people suffer from many ailments defined as civilization diseases, which increase alongside with the (continuously) quickening pace of living. Undoubtedly, work is also a very important determinant of health. When it is done for pleasure, work can give a sense of happiness and positive energy. In practice, it means that actions based on harmony with the environment and self-realization favour persons health. Work, which is not a vocation, is a reason of stress, unwillingness and apathy. Meanings of health change in the popular culture and public awareness. Besides strivings for avoiding diseases, more and more people need fitness, vitality, good looks and good mood. Apart from interest in length of life, there appeared care for its sense and quality. In recent years, there is observed a considerable increase in importance of health in sphere of personal aspirations, aims, and values of individual. Health is no longer defined only as an absence of disease and discomfort. Healthy lifestyle becomes in many environments a phenomenon on the verge of fashion. Health issues come into prominence in public discourse, concerning inter alia social and political priorities. The right to health is one of the most important elements of the human rights. Nowadays, health and disease become valuable goods of expanding market.

Identity Essay -- Identity character literature self

Identity is a state of mind in which someone recognizes/identifies their character traits that leads to finding out who they are and what they do and not that of someone else. In other words it's basically who you are and what you define yourself as being. The theme of identity is often expressed in books/novels or basically any other piece of literature so that the reader can intrigue themselves and relate to the characters and their emotions. It's useful in helping readers understand that a person's state of mind is full of arduous thoughts about who they are and what they want to be. People can try to modify their identity as much as they want but that can never change. The theme of identity is a very strenuous topic to understand but yet very interesting if understood. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki are two remarkable books that depict the identity theme. They both have to deal with people that have an identit y that they've tried to alter in order to become more at ease in the society they belong to. The families in these books are from a certain country from which they're forced to immigrate into the United States due to certain circumstances. This causes young people in the family trauma and they must try to sometimes change in order to maintain a comfortable life. Both authors: Alvarez and Houston have written their novels Is such an exemplifying matter that identity can be clearly depicted within characters as a way in adjusting to their new lives. How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez is a tale of four girls who are forced to leave their country, Dominican Republic. This occurred because their father got into police problems ... ... true American and she has neglected who she really was. Jeanne is a different person but as she grew and became more mature through her experiences she realizes that she can't transform her identity no matter how hard she tried. The theme of identity was clearly stated in How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents by Julia Alvarez and Farewell to Manzanar by Jeanne Wakatsuki. In both novels families are forced to emigrate from their homeland as an act of protection. As the main characters try to adjust themselves into their new surroundings they undergo extreme pressure into trying to remain comfortable and stable in such a way that their identity (who they are) changes. But once they go back to their homeland and these characteristics are soon acknowledged by them and they then realize that you can't change who you are and your identity well always remain the same.

Hindu Creation Myth vs Earth’s Age According To Evolution :: essays research papers

Hindu Creation Myth vs Earth’s Age According To Evolution The Hindu creation myth that I found goes like this. As Brahma meditated beings were born from his mind. He thought about a body made of darkness and out of his rectum came a wind were the demons were born. Then Brahma discarded the body of darkness and the body became night. He then thought of a new body that was made mostly of goodness and light. Out of his mouth now came the shining gods or devas. He then brought out of his body something else that has now become day. Still today it’s during the daytime that people visit the temples and worship the gods. He took a third body that was all goodness. Brahma happened to be thinking beautiful thoughts of fathers and sons, mothers and daughters, and then the ancestor spirits were born. These spirits appear in the dusk and the dawn, where day and night met. Brahma then bought out of his third body and brought a fourth something that was made of the energy that emitted from his mind. With these thoughts human beings the thinking cr eatures, were created. Then he made this body and it became the moon. To this day human beings love the moonlight for dancing, singing, and making love. Brahma now had a strange thought that he though was a fifth body made of both energy and darkness which caused him to emit horrible creatures that wanted to devour the primordial sea of chaos those were the ogres. Brahma was really disturbed by his last creation that all the hairs on his head fell out. Those hairs became all the creatures that crawl around on the ground the snakes and other reptiles. They remember their origins by hiding in swamps, brush piles, under rocks, and other dark places. Brahma was still troubled about creating the ogres and, thinking dark thoughts, he created the horrible Gandharvas, or ghouls. By this time Brahma had again got back his power and began thinking pleasant thoughts. His mind went back to the peaceful and happy time of his youth. In this state of happiness, the birds were created. Now from the body of Brahma much more came mammals, plants, and other forms of life. The qualities that all living things have today are the products of what Brahma's thoughts were when they were born and these features remain alive as long as the world lasts.

Goals

Write down one of your SMART goals as a college student. Date: 25 July 2014 Proof. Aid Alfalfa My SMART goal as a college student is to finish college and graduate with a degree in Chemical Engineering. The reason for choosing this course is that I particularly like Chemistry and would like to work in the fields involving Chemistry. Furthermore, to study Chemical Engineering at M. I. T. Ill be do a tremendous amount of help to me. 2. Explain how this goal can be made: a) Specific To be specific about my goal, I want to fully graduate at M.I. T. With a degree in Chemical Engineering. As I have mentioned earlier, I have taken a liking to Chemistry, and furthermore, I achieved good grades in Chemistry during High school. If I do graduate, I will be able to get a Job in such a diverse field of work. B) Measurable To measure the progress of this goal, it will be accomplished within 4 to 5 years. Within the course of each year, it will obviously become harder to achieve this goal, due to g rowing amount of subjects, projects, assignments and the like. To put certain points to check on the progress would be, finishing each year's load of subjects. ) Achievable To achieve this goal, I have to study. As simple as it sounds, it is not simple in action, as I would need to be persistent & hardworking towards my studies. This will be very hard to achieve but it is worthwhile. D) Realistic Reason being for this goal to be very rewarding, is the widely open and diverse field of work I can be able to get into. Furthermore, in today's day and age, there is a great need of engineers, and a greater need for Chemical Engineers. This suits me Just fine, as I often think that I have an aptitude for Science. E) Time bound As fore mentioned, this goal will be achieved in 4 to 5 years.Even though this course is usually done within 5 years, M. I. T. Is able to produce engineers within 4 years. Within this timeshare, I will be able to learn and achieve many other things along the way. 3. Write a plan of action Goal To graduate at M. I. T. With a degree in Chemical Engineering. Specific Actions to be taken -To study with persistence and hard work -To persevere in the following years -Be able to make friends and get along with many other students Timeshare Within this timeshare, I would need to accomplish many subjects to graduate, major subjects such as Science and Mathematics, and other subjects, such as NSP and Humanities.

Boundaries Between Teachingrole and Other Professional Bodies

Explains the boundaries between the teaching role and other professioinal roles and own responsibilities in relation to other professionals. (2. 1 & 2. 2) Within this assignment i will explain what i believe the roles and responsibilities of a teacher and possible boundaries which i may come up against. Where possible I will link it to my own personal experiencesand knowledge. I will attempt to describe teaching roles both related and non related as much as i can, i will also make references to the 6 areas contained within the professional standards for teachers tutors and trainers in the life long learning ector and also to the teaching and learning cycle. I believe further education teaching can be split into two sections,a teachers role and the teacher related roles. From my experience teaching roles will be taken on by assessors and Tutors where as the teacher related roles will mainly be handled by administration staff, and senior management. A teachers role can be referred to a s â€Å"a role which contains limitied teaching responsibilities and a role which represents the full range of responsibilities performed by those who are expected to attain the status of a qualified teacher† In my opinion the esponsibility of a teacher/tutor isto nurture any person from someone who knows nothing about the trade and turning them into someone who has both the practicaland theoretical skills to be a bricklayer with a National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) level 3 atthe end of their apprenticeship. But the responsibility of staff who occupy the teacher related role will be taking care of things like filing,ensuring paperwork is upto date and correct thus complying with the data protection act 1998,and making sure there are no complications with regards toplacements/funding for learners.Entry Requirements a teacher/trainer will be required to work a range of information sources Therefore,during the selection process you may be required to undertake an initial as sessment in Numeracy and an initial assessment in Literacy. To be accepted onto an Apprenticeship programme at level 2 you will have to achieve Numeracy Level 1, and Literacy Level 1 to start with. You will also be required to attend an interview, during which your suitability,commitment and interest will be determined. You should bring with you to theinterview any evidence you have of previous academic achievement.You may also wish to present other documentation that supports your application This can include evidence of other activities that you have participated in, sports, hobbies, work experience etc. To me different levels your learners may be at and you can hopefully you can then get a better idea as to what stage you should start your teachings from, These assessments should be continuous throughout the apprenticeship so you can check that learners are progressing in the areas thatthey should be. If not the correct measures can then be put into place to help them catch up wi th others I understand that every eacher/tutor has contractual obligations to abide by in regards to what ever the programme they are teaching, these will be a guideline from your employer but also you have a rather strict code to work to from awarding body such as Constructive Awards Alliance (CAA) or City and Guilds (C&G). Every tutor/teacher will have the same contractual obligations to abide with these but they may vary with your employer as everyone likes to put there own mark on apprenticeshipsThe teacher related roles are to include things like checking all documentation and information on students is orrect and upto date,ensuring students are registered with the correct learning bodies so there are no complications when starting/ completing apprenticeships. Providing statistics/schedules of a learners attendance, achievements,and time keeping. in my opinion many of the teacher/tutor related roles can be under took by either the teacher/tutor or admin staff as there is not a set rule book as to who can do what. Further to this there is the contractual obligation of completing regular assessments and reviews with both learner and employer as it is imperitive the employer knows what stage alearner is at.I shall now try toexplain the roles and responsibilities by reading and extracting information from page 73 /74 of the work booklet. I believe the key purpose of being a teacheris to be able to create a safe, fun yet hard working environment to give all students the oppertunity to excel in there individual learning programme 1)â€Å" Professional values and practice† this explains the values which teachers in the lifelong learning sector should meet or exceed in to achieve their responsibility to me the following value shows how a teacher has the responsibility to ensure all earners are learning as a whole thus ensuring all are learning at the same pace knowing all they need to know to succeed. 2)â€Å"learning and teaching† to me there are s o many different responsibilities with regards to learning and teaching forexample progression, development, goals and aspirations of all which will endeavour to enhance the experiences they bring to learning. 3) â€Å"specialist learning and teaching† when completing an Apprenticeship a strict framework is to be adhered to, we as teachers must ensure all aspects of the framework are to be covered and to chieve this I believe I must ensure I am upto date with the current teachings in my trade in order to be current and thus making up part of my continous planned development 4) â€Å"planning for learning† which to me is an imperitive part of teaching which in my profession is very important as one wrong learning or misunderstanding can lead to serious harm or even death but I understand that these teachings may require special attention to detail and covering equality and diversity effectively 5) â€Å"assessment for learning† I believe you must be willing to ca rry out consecutive assessments so as o see where learners are and where they should/ could be in future months thus ensuring everyone within the organisation can see the progress of students 6) â€Å" access and progression† this to me says we must have sufficient information and advice/ guidance to support a learners needs and also make learners aware of various in house services which may be available to them summarising: I believe there are many factors which lead to being a successful teacher, you need to be a very broad minded and self sufficient person, who needs to be patient and understanding to hatever task/obstacle is put in front of them you need to be aware of constantly changing rules, regulations and criteria surrounding your specialist subject. You need to be honest, have a positive mental attitude and have very high expectations of your learners,but also need to be aware that there are going to be students who need the extra help and support from you to compl ete the course. I need to be able to provide easy yet still challenging lesson plans. As a good teacher I need to make myself very approachable to all who require my attention, this will include learners, ther tutors,office staff and management but also internal and external verifiers. I was always treated with the utmost respect whilst completing my apprenticeship and my tutors were always honest with me, sometimes honest but that gave me reason to believe in what I was doing and made me want to further my skills even more so to impress my tutor but also gain my qualification at the end of my apprenticeship. I understand there may be certain aspects of the courses I’m going to teach which I am going to have to re-teach myself so students will grasp things first time and i’ll have to elive my days as a student to gain all the pros and cons from the way I was taught therefore gaining an understanding of how to make my lessons as effective as they can be. I believe the r ole of teaching requires my personality and character to be the vehicle of knowledge. I know things will be hard and at sometimes baffling but that is what life is all about, knowing what you want and having the will to reach your goal. I believe there are many factors with regards to striving towards being a successful Teacher in my profession but I believe I have everything it takes to succeed.

Mao Cultural Revolution - 1863 Words

A. Plan of Investigation In 1966, Mao mobilized the Chinese youth to initiate the â€Å"Cultural Revolution†, a violent process eliminating old Chinese culture, customs, thoughts and habits, purging â€Å"counter-revolutionary† party members, and heightening Mao’s personality cult. I will summarize evidence collected from textbooks, official documents, biographies and eyewitness reports about the events between 1959 and 1966. I will describe the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao’s resignation as president, his power struggle with Liu Shoaqi and Deng Xiaoping and the propagating of his personality cult. Then I will identify how these events may have given Mao reasons for launching the Cultural Revolution, and whether his motives were of†¦show more content†¦The people’s faith in the government was partially restored; Liu’s and Deng’s popularity grew. Furthermore, at the Conference of 7000 in 1964, instead of supporting Mao, Liu gave a speech suggesting that the CCP was to blame for the economic failures and forced Mao into some† half-hearted self-criticism† In October 1964, Khrushchev was sacked. In Nov 1964, the Russian defence minister said to a Chinese delegation â€Å"We got rid of our fool, Khrushchev, now you get rid of yours, Mao.† 2. Establishment of the personality cult Mao’s lack of public appearances after 1958 had damaged his image and his authority. Since 1963, the â€Å"Little Red book† (â€Å"Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung†), compiling Mao’s statements on his views and ideology, had been a standard Chinese text, and his personality cult was systematically fostered by Lin Biao , his faithful Minister of Defence, using various forms of propaganda and giving him popular titles such as â€Å"The red sun rising in the East† . Mao re-entered public life on 16 July 1966 with an appearance of him swimming in the Yangtze River, to promote his strength. He frenzied the admiration of the Chinese youth, which he was hoping to mobilize for revolutionary purposes. 3. The launch and effects of the Cultural Revolution On May 16, 1966, the CCP announced the start of the â€Å"Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution† which called for a destruction of the old, bourgeois Chinese culture,Show MoreRelatedThe Cultural Revolution : Mao Zedong1734 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cultural Revolution, launched by Chairman Mao Zedong in the mid-1960s, dramatically transformed Chinese society. Paul Byrne (2012 p.80) suggests that as the Cultural Revolution continued to transform China, a cult of personality was built around Mao; anyone who questioned his wisdom was an enemy of the people. The Cultural Revolution was a period of time where anything capitalist or western was brutally destroyed. The Cultural Revolution aimed to destroy ‘The Four Olds’ these being, old ideasRead MoreMao Zedong And The Cultural Revolution1109 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Revolution Mao Zedong rose to power in 1949 founding the People’s Republic Of China. His plan the Great Leap Foward to make China on par with other powerful countries had failed miserably. After the failure of The Great Leap Forward, Mao Zedong’s positioning in the government had weakened. To regain total control over the government, Mao Zedong launched what was called the Cultural Revolution. There is no words for how The Cultural Revolution impacted China. This major event is viewed asRead MoreMao s The Cultural Revolution Essay2114 Words   |  9 Pagesrise of Mao as seen through such events, foreshadowed the official beginning of the Cultural Revolution in May 1966. Mao’s famous swim in the Yangtxe river in July that year, was covered massively by press and the act was a piece of political theatre that had been specifically designed to prove that he was strong and fit to rule China. This is an obvious display of the propaganda Mao used in his pursuit of restoring his r ule and gaining power. Despite his incentives for beginning the Cultural RevolutionRead MoreMao Zedong : Chinese Cultural Revolution868 Words   |  4 Pages In 1966 Mao Zedong started the Chinese Cultural Revolution that would change the economic climate of China for generations to come. Mao’s goal for the Cultural Revolution was to create a clever organization of the masses that would in turn lead to increased productivity starting with the youth. Unfortunately this mobilization of the masses led to massive destruction as things spiraled out of control at a very fast rate due to Mao’s creation the Red Guard- an army of youths that would seek outRead MoreThe Cultural Revolution And Reign Of Mao Zedong969 Words   |  4 Pagescorrupt government. This was China under the Cultural Revolution and reign of Mao Zedong. During this era, a person with traditional political or religious views struggled incredibly. Mao Zedong attacked traditional Chinese culture and â€Å" launched what became known as the Cultural Revolution in order to reassert his authority over the Chinese government. Believing that current Communist leaders were taking the party, and China itself, in the wrong direction, Mao called on the nation’s youth to purge theRead MoreChina s Cultural Revolution : Mao Zedong Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesChina s Cultural Revolution: Mao Zedong The Cultural Revolution of 1966 led by Chairman Mao Zedong, a strong believer in Socialist ideologies, thought China needed sociopolitical reform in order to erase aspects of the traditional Chinese culture. Although Mao implemented new political principles, the revolution was a time of mass destruction and overall led to negative effects, disrupting China’s economy and preservation of the Chinese culture. The Revolution brought about massive change thatRead MoreMao Zedong and Cultural Revolution1484 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiated a series of revolutions to change the way China ran, the final being the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution starting in 1966 and ending in 1976 (1). The goal of this investigation is to determine Mao Zedong’s motives as a leader to initiate such a movement that ended up with the loss of culture, struggle between social classes, force of government, and the loss of human life (2). This investigation will describe Mao as a person, China a s a country, the Cultural Revolution as a movement, andRead MoreEffects Of The Cultural Revolution By Mao Zedong817 Words   |  4 Pages The Cultural Revolution In the wise words of Mao Zedong himself, â€Å"It is only through the unity of the Communist Party that the unity of the whole class and the whole nation can be achieved, and it is only through the unity of the whole class and the whole nation that the enemy can be defeated and the national and democratic revolution accomplished.† This shows that he is solely interested in pushing communism. The other criteria will follow. Which means that he isn’t interested in bettering theRead MoreMao Zedong And The Mao Era Of China950 Words   |  4 PagesIn China after Chairman Mao, China had a period of post Maoism and was moving away from Chairman Mao to a more modernized China. Even though Mao Zedong had a hand in creating China and unifying, China in it is early years up to the Chinese Cultural revolution. His downturn or his bad Mao days were after the Cultural Revolution. In which many people in china suffered because of the Cultural Revolution and many parts of traditional Chinese culture was either erased or wiped out from History. Many peopleRead MoreTo What Extent Did the Red Guards Control the Cultural Revolution1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Red Guards control the Cultural Revolution? â€Æ' Section A The Cultural Revolution in China started in 1966 and ended on Mao Zedong’s death in 1976, on September 9th. While headed by Mao Zedong (sometimes spelled Tse-Tung), otherwise known as Chairman Mao, the Cultural Revolution contained a powerful group who called themselves the Red Guard, student activists who killed, pillaged, and destroyed â€Å"Old Fours† for Zedong. One could argue they were the drive of the Revolution. However, the Red Guards

The Role of Functional Neuroimaging Techniques in Studying Brain Behavior - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2027 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/04/05 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Behavior Essay Did you like this example? Since Psychology was emerging by the first psychologist, Sigmund Freud, psychologists just get more informations than just records from talk therapies. Neuroscientists developed several techniques to study brain behavior by measure their emotional and intellectual activity to understand people better through their brain to be able to further observation their physical behavior. They find a way to ensure it is safe to use on patients while obtains important informations they can find. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Role of Functional Neuroimaging Techniques in Studying Brain Behavior" essay for you Create order The Neuroimaging techniques is use of different techniques to either indirectly or directly image the pharmacology, structure and function of the nervous system. They were mostly used as practice in neuroscience, medicine, and psychology field. The purpose of using the neuroimaging technique to help doctors and researchers to see the activity or problems in humans brain and get the diagnosis to identity the activity or problem. There are six accepted and safe neuroimaging techniques to study brain behavior are using today in research facilities and hospitals all around the world. These six techniques were known as Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Computed Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), electroencephalography (EEG), Magnetocencephalography (MEG) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). These Neuroimaging technologies will be explain what is their functional roles and how it benefits in understanding the brain behaviors. They are very important techniques that were used by neuroscientist who can identity mental illness or other disease and able to understand why the patient behaved the certain things. Each techniques will be explained their functional roles, advantages and disadvantages. The one of six Neuroimaging techniques was known as (fMRI) that measure the indirect consequences of the haemodyamic response. The procedure was that the patient has to lay on the movable exam ination table and go through the large cylindrical-shaped tube of an MRI scanner that contains powerful electro-magnet and stay for the certain time in between 10 to an hour depending on which part of your body. For an example, the patient perform the MRI for bipolar manic and it was found that he has Bipolar disorder by discovering the colored stimulating neurons activity on the brain frontal lobe where Amygdala located. From the research article to the conclusion of detecting bipolar manic, Bipolar manic subjects exhibit blunted brain fMRI response to emotional cues throughout the ventrolateral prefrontal emotional arousal network. (Stephen M. Strakowski, MD, 2015) The neuroscientist can give the diagnosis of bipolar mania from the evidence he finds the disruption of the emotional network in the Amygdala that controls emotions that can be link to mood dysregulation. The beneficial of using fMRI is it doesnt require radiation which gives no risk to patients and able to evaluate their brain function safety and effective. There are few disadvantages of using fMRI was because it is very expensive. It only can capture a clear image of the brain only if the person stays still. The procedure of c apturing the clear imagine usually take at least 30 minutes so it wont be good for a person who cannot stay still long. Since it is new, researchers today still dont fully understand how it works so it can be difficult to interpret the results. Another disadvantage example of using this tool was it comes with a lot of criteria that may not suit to certain patients. People with the following implants cannot be scanned and should not enter the MRI scanning area: cochlear (ear) implant, some types of clips used for brain aneurysms, some types of metal coils placed within blood vessels,and nearly all cardiac defibrillators and pacemakers. (Radiation Therapy for Brain Cancer, 2018) This technique was known for patients to not use anything metal because this machine is magnet which can absorb everything, It is not safe for deaf patients who possess cochlear implant that contains magnet device in their skull. The cochlear isnt something they can remove without surgery so it may disrupt their brain study. The deaf patient with cochlear implantation will have to find alternative way if they try to find out if they have any kind of brain cancer. And not only that, due to its high and most accurate technique, it is extremely expensive to the point that not many patients can afford to find their diagnose and seek the treatments earlier. So it also may be difficult for the researchers when it comes to understanding how bilingual may benefits the deaf patients linking to using cochlear implantation. The second of six technology was known as Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging procedure that contains detailed pictures of structures inside the brain by using the X-rays. It can show the brains features, but couldnt show its structure clearly. This article explained how CT scan works, CT scan uses X-rays positioned at different angles to create cross-sectional images of the brain. During a CT scan, a movable X-ray source is rotated around the patients head (NeuroImaging, 2014) This procedure allowed doctors and researchers to see the full view of the head and it provided more information about the brain than traditional X-ray scans, which only can do two-dimensional representation of the brain. It is painless, fast, and affordable. Comparing to other neuroimaging technologies, CT scan has more serious risks which made it a big disadvantage, despite to its advantages. The main risks associated with the use of CT scan, according to US Food Drug Administration are lifetime cancer risk will be increase because of x-ray radiation exposure, possible allergic reaction or kidney failure, and may need to get more follow up test after the abnormal result. Due to these serious risks had required for the patients to have a serious considering discussing with their doctor if this scan will be beneficial. The third of six technologies, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was developed because they couldnt detect more than just static images of the brains structure in CT and fMRI. This technique was used to trace the amount of short lived radio material to map functional processes in the brain. The detector can pick up the radioactive decay a positron is emitted. They can detect the brain activity by looking at the areas of high radioactivity. Unlike other imaging test, PET can find irregularities in body function caused by disease which often happen before body structures changes become observable. The quality of a PET scan is not affected by small movements, so the subject does not have to remain as still for a PET scan as they would for a FMRI or MRI scan, both of which can be ruined by small movements. (Neuroimaging, 2014) This article showed that patients can be more comfortable with PET scan than fMRI without worry about delaying neuroscientists evaluation if they made a small movement. The one of several disadvantages of using PET scan are its qualities and hospital bills. It has poor spatial resolution so it wont be clear. Due to this, it is common for PET to be used together with CT or fMRI. (Neuroimaging, 2014) This means patients had to expect the high hospital bill coming to their home because combination two neuroimaging technologies are double expensive, just because PET couldnt provide the clear image because of low spatial resolution. This is something patients should consider about when it comes to hospital bills. Not only that, PET scan comes with radiation so it will come with risk even if it only a small dose. The fourth of six techniques is Electronecephalography (EEG) is a noninvasive test that records electrical pattern in the patients brain. It used approximately 20 to 128 small electrodes that places on the scalp to measure the electrical activity of the brain. The EEG machine amplifies these signals then records them in a wave pattern on graph paper. The test is used to help diagnose conditions such as seizures, epilepsy, head injuries, dizziness, headaches, brain tumors and sleeping problems. (https://www.mayfieldclinic.com/) This technologies helps patients with seizures disorder to determine the type of seizure and origins of seizures. It is one of few best technique that has high temporal resolution when it comes to diagnosis these type of brain conditions. Just like any other neuroimaging technologies, despite its ability to diagnose certain brain condition, EEG still have has big disadvantages. One of the big disadvantages of EEG/ERP is that its hard to figure out where in the brain the electrical activity is coming from. (https://www.ncilab.ca/erpeeg-2). When the electrodes were placed on the scalp, neuroscientist can get some idea of where the electrical signal are strongest components are strongest but it wont tell the location in the brain where the signals came from. But they can get better idea to see where signal comes from in same or different places if theres two ERP components. Since this is the best guess work so this technique requires more improvements. The fifth of six technique, Magnetoncephalography (MEG) is an imaging technique to measure the electrical activity that make magnetic fields in the brain with using very sensitive device that is known as SQUIDS. There are many uses for the MEG, including assisting surgeons in localizing a pathology, assisting researchers in determining the function of various parts of the brain, neurofeedback, and others. (Demitri, 2016). Unlike EEG, it doesnt require electrodes to be attached to the skin. Instead, a person simply sits in a chair, resting their head inside the MEG helmet. (https://www.ncilab.ca/meg-2) This technology is more safer than EEG scan. This technique is very beneficial when it comes to assisting the surgeons and researchers when it comes to evaluate conditions like epilepsy by see which area that are stimulated to seizures. Despite how MEG may be less difficult being sit under the magnet, comparing to fMRI scan, MEG still had some disadvantages. The main disadvantages of MEG are that it is more expensive and not as good as fMRI at localizing where precisely in the brain, activity is taking place. (https://www.sutherlandsurvey.com/Columns_Papers/Brain-imaging%20Methods.pdf) Simply, fMRI scan is better than MEG because fMRI is better tools when it comes to localizing where is the brain activity takes place in the brain. The last technology, Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is the optical technique to measure the blood oxygenation in the brain. The process of using NIRS laser was to chine the light in near infrared part of the spectrum (700-900) through the skill and find how much the remerging light is attenuated and how much it is depends on blood oxygenation. It also provides indirect measure of brain activity. This is especially used on patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Unlike any other Neuroimaging technologies, this comes with many advantages are more cheaper, smaller portable, involved with real human interactions, less sensitive to head motion and safe to any ages. NIRS lasers has several disadvantages. It has low spatial resolution which doesnt create a clear image. It can only record brain surface so doctors couldnt see whats inside of it. Theres also have no standard analyzing packaging and inaccurate activation localization. NIR lasers often have beam qualities (e.g., beam width and divergence) which are not so well suited for microscopy. The result is that spatial resolution can be somewhat compromised, and thus achievable results may not meet theoretical predictions. (https://www.horiba.com/us/en/scientific/products/raman-spectroscopy/raman-academy/raman-faqs/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-near-infra-red-nir-lasers-for-raman/) This technique can be invaluable sometimes so it wont be considered the best solution to every samples. Overall all these six Neuroimaging technologies functional roles, advantages and disadvantages had been explained. After learning them, they are very extremely important tools in medicine, pathology, and psychology field. Due to these disadvantages, there is an understanding why there arent only one Neuroimaging technique to explore the human brain and able to obtain every answers doctors and researchers need to find due to lack of certain tools. But it is amazing that these Neuroimaging techniques able to help doctors and researchers to further their understanding the human brain and help other patient to get a certain treatments, especially when they were invented in less than approximately 100 years ago. Not surprised they all have similar disadvantages, the price. Even with these amazing techniques, everything in the world always has its disadvantages.